Mock test đầy đủ 4 kỹ năng · Mô phỏng ngày thi thật (khoảng 3 giờ)

OLD TOWN WALKING TOURS — BOOKING Tour: (1) ___ tour Number of people: (2) ___ Date: Friday 23 May Start time: (3) ___ Meeting point: outside the town hall, by the (4) ___ Length: about (5) ___ hours, including six tastings Allergies: email at least (6) ___ days before Price per person: £(7) ___ Booking name: Caroline (8) ___ Phone: (9) ___ Advice: wear comfortable (10) ___

Tối đa 3 từ mỗi chỗ trống.

1. 1. (1)
2. 2. (2)
3. 3. (3)
4. 4. (4)
5. 5. (5)
6. 6. (6)
7. 7. (7)
8. 8. (8)
9. 9. (9)
10. 10. (10)

1. 1. 11 · What does Grace say about this year's volunteers?

   A. There are fewer than last year.B. There are more than ever before.C. Most are students.D. Most have volunteered before.

2. 2. 12 · How many shifts must volunteers do to get a free weekend ticket?

   A. oneB. twoC. threeD. six

3. 3. 13 · Volunteers must wear their T-shirt so that

   A. they can get free food.B. visitors can recognise them.C. they can enter the volunteer tent.D. security staff know their shift times.

4. 4. 14 · What should a volunteer do if a child is lost?

   A. search the festival siteB. call the child's parentsC. take the child to the information pointD. make an announcement on the main stage

5. 5. 15 · What might stop performances on the main stage?

   A. heavy rainB. strong windsC. power cutsD. too many visitors

VOLUNTEER TEAMS Welcome team: check tickets and give out (16) ___ Green team: help visitors use the right section of each (17) ___ Access team: based at the viewing (18) ___; also look after borrowed wheelchairs Family team: painting and (19) ___ Stage team: move equipment; must wear (20) ___

Tối đa 1 từ mỗi chỗ trống.

1. 1. (16)
2. 2. (17)
3. 3. (18)
4. 4. (19)
5. 5. (20)

1. 1. 21 · Why does Ella want to change the original plan?

   A. The streets are too far apart.B. There is not enough time.C. The tutor rejected it.D. The noise meters are expensive.

2. 2. 22 · What do they decide to do?

   A. measure ten streets less oftenB. measure four streets more oftenC. measure only one streetD. use data from other studies

3. 3. 23 · Why will they not use a phone app?

   A. It is too expensive.B. It is not accurate enough.C. It is difficult to use.D. The department does not allow it.

4. 4. 24 · What extra question will Sam add to the questionnaire?

   A. how long people have lived thereB. whether people keep their windows closedC. how many hours people sleepD. whether people own a car

5. 5. 25 · Why will they only ask adults?

   A. Children are not affected by noise.B. Asking children needs special permission.C. Adults are at home more often.D. Children cannot answer questionnaires.

PROJECT TIMETABLE Week 1: visit streets; take (26) ___ of measuring points Weeks 2–4: measurements — morning, afternoon and (27) ___ Week 3: deliver questionnaires with a return (28) ___ Week 5: Ella — statistics; Sam — (29) ___ Week 6: report and a short (30) ___

Tối đa 2 từ mỗi chỗ trống.

1. 1. (26)
2. 2. (27)
3. 3. (28)
4. 4. (29)
5. 5. (30)

THE HISTORY OF SALT Why it was valuable • Used for (31) ___ of meat and fish before refrigerators Production • Coast: sea water in shallow pools; the (32) ___ evaporates it • Inland: mined, or salty spring water (33) ___ over fires — needed a lot of (34) ___ Salt and governments • China: state (35) ___ on salt for over 2,000 years • France: the gabelle — one cause of the (36) ___ • India, 1930: Gandhi's (37) ___ to the sea Language • 'salary' may come from money given to Roman (38) ___ (evidence is weak) Today • Most salt comes from (39) ___ food • Some countries: manufacturers reduce salt in products like (40) ___ gradually

Tối đa 1 từ mỗi chỗ trống.

1. 1. (31)
2. 2. (32)
3. 3. (33)
4. 4. (34)
5. 5. (35)
6. 6. (36)
7. 7. (37)
8. 8. (38)
9. 9. (39)
10. 10. (40)

1. 1. Historians are sure that 'salary' comes from salt.

   TF

2. 2. Salt taxes were unpopular in many places.

   TF

3. 3. Most people today eat too little salt.

   TF

THE SECRET OF ROMAN CONCRETE Many Roman structures have survived for two thousand years. The Pantheon in Rome, completed around 125 CE, still has the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world. Harbour walls built by the Romans have stood in sea water for centuries, while modern concrete in similar conditions often begins to crack within decades. For a long time, engineers wondered why. Roman concrete was made from lime, volcanic ash and pieces of rock. The volcanic ash, much of it from the area around the Bay of Naples, reacted with the lime to create an extremely strong material. Roman writers described the recipe, but their descriptions were incomplete, and modern attempts to copy it were not very successful. A key discovery came from studying the small white lumps of lime that are found throughout Roman concrete. These had long been seen as a sign of poor mixing or low-quality materials. In 2023, however, a team of researchers suggested that the lumps were deliberate. They argued that the Romans mixed in 'quicklime', a very reactive form of lime, which heated the mixture and left behind these lumps. The lumps, the team believe, give the concrete the ability to repair itself. When a small crack forms and water gets in, the water dissolves some of the lime from the lumps. This then reacts to form a new mineral that fills the crack. To test the idea, the researchers made concrete using the Roman method, deliberately cracked it, and ran water through it. Within two weeks, the cracks had closed, while cracks in a sample made without quicklime did not. Harbour concrete has a further secret. Sea water, which damages modern concrete, appears to have strengthened Roman harbour walls by encouraging the growth of rare minerals inside them. Some companies are now experimenting with these ideas. If self-repairing concrete could be produced on a large scale, buildings might last longer and need less maintenance, which would reduce the large carbon emissions produced by making new cement.

1. 1. 1 · The Pantheon's dome contains steel reinforcement.

   TFNG

2. 2. 2 · Most of the volcanic ash came from Greece.

   TFNG

3. 3. 3 · Roman writers left complete instructions for making concrete.

   TFNG

4. 4. 4 · The white lumps were once thought to show that the concrete was badly made.

   TFNG

5. 5. 5 · The 2023 research team was based in Italy.

   TFNG

6. 6. 6 · In the experiment, the cracks closed within two weeks.

   TFNG

7. 7. 7 · Self-repairing concrete is already used in most new buildings.

   TFNG

THE SECRET OF ROMAN CONCRETE Many Roman structures have survived for two thousand years. The Pantheon in Rome, completed around 125 CE, still has the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world. Harbour walls built by the Romans have stood in sea water for centuries, while modern concrete in similar conditions often begins to crack within decades. For a long time, engineers wondered why. Roman concrete was made from lime, volcanic ash and pieces of rock. The volcanic ash, much of it from the area around the Bay of Naples, reacted with the lime to create an extremely strong material. Roman writers described the recipe, but their descriptions were incomplete, and modern attempts to copy it were not very successful. A key discovery came from studying the small white lumps of lime that are found throughout Roman concrete. These had long been seen as a sign of poor mixing or low-quality materials. In 2023, however, a team of researchers suggested that the lumps were deliberate. They argued that the Romans mixed in 'quicklime', a very reactive form of lime, which heated the mixture and left behind these lumps. The lumps, the team believe, give the concrete the ability to repair itself. When a small crack forms and water gets in, the water dissolves some of the lime from the lumps. This then reacts to form a new mineral that fills the crack. To test the idea, the researchers made concrete using the Roman method, deliberately cracked it, and ran water through it. Within two weeks, the cracks had closed, while cracks in a sample made without quicklime did not. Harbour concrete has a further secret. Sea water, which damages modern concrete, appears to have strengthened Roman harbour walls by encouraging the growth of rare minerals inside them. Some companies are now experimenting with these ideas. If self-repairing concrete could be produced on a large scale, buildings might last longer and need less maintenance, which would reduce the large carbon emissions produced by making new cement.

Tối đa 1 từ mỗi chỗ trống.

1. 1. (8) Ingredients: lime, volcanic ash and pieces of
2. 2. (9) Researchers think the Romans added , a very reactive form of lime.
3. 3. (10) This made the mixture become hot and left white .
4. 4. (11) When water enters a crack, it some of the lime.
5. 5. (12) A new forms and fills the crack.
6. 6. (13) Longer-lasting buildings would reduce carbon from cement production.

THE DISAPPEARING NIGHT A For most of human history, the night sky was dark enough for people to see thousands of stars. Today, about eighty per cent of the world's population lives under skies affected by artificial light, and in many cities the Milky Way has not been visible for generations. Scientists call this light pollution, and satellite images show that it is spreading by around two per cent a year. B Light pollution is not only a problem for astronomers. Many animals depend on darkness. Young sea turtles find the sea by moving towards the brightest horizon, which used to be the moonlight over the water; now they often crawl towards roads and hotels instead. Migrating birds can become confused by brightly lit buildings, and millions die each year after flying into them. C Insects are affected too. Many species are attracted to street lights, where they circle until they are exhausted or eaten. Researchers in Germany estimated that a single street light can kill an average of 150 insects per summer night. Because insects pollinate plants and feed other animals, their decline can affect whole ecosystems. D There may also be effects on human health. Our bodies produce the hormone melatonin when it is dark, and this helps to regulate sleep. Some studies have linked exposure to artificial light at night with poor sleep, and possibly with other health problems, although researchers stress that the evidence is still limited. E Unlike many environmental problems, light pollution is relatively easy to reduce. Lights can be shielded so that they point downwards, switched off when not needed, or replaced with warmer colours, which have less effect on wildlife. A town in the French Alps that turned off its street lights after midnight found that crime did not increase, and saved a third of its lighting budget. F Some places have gone further by applying to become official 'dark sky reserves'. These areas agree to strict rules on outdoor lighting, and in return they attract visitors who want to see the stars. For remote rural communities, this 'astro-tourism' has become a valuable new source of income.

1. 1. 14 · Paragraph A

   A. i. Simple and inexpensive solutionsB. ii. A growing global problemC. iii. Possible risks to peopleD. iv. Turning darkness into a businessE. v. Wildlife that is led in the wrong directionF. vi. A threat to small creatures and the systems they supportG. vii. The invention of the electric lightH. viii. Why astronomers are moving abroad

2. 2. 15 · Paragraph B

   A. i. Simple and inexpensive solutionsB. ii. A growing global problemC. iii. Possible risks to peopleD. iv. Turning darkness into a businessE. v. Wildlife that is led in the wrong directionF. vi. A threat to small creatures and the systems they supportG. vii. The invention of the electric lightH. viii. Why astronomers are moving abroad

3. 3. 16 · Paragraph C

   A. i. Simple and inexpensive solutionsB. ii. A growing global problemC. iii. Possible risks to peopleD. iv. Turning darkness into a businessE. v. Wildlife that is led in the wrong directionF. vi. A threat to small creatures and the systems they supportG. vii. The invention of the electric lightH. viii. Why astronomers are moving abroad

4. 4. 17 · Paragraph D

   A. i. Simple and inexpensive solutionsB. ii. A growing global problemC. iii. Possible risks to peopleD. iv. Turning darkness into a businessE. v. Wildlife that is led in the wrong directionF. vi. A threat to small creatures and the systems they supportG. vii. The invention of the electric lightH. viii. Why astronomers are moving abroad

5. 5. 18 · Paragraph E

   A. i. Simple and inexpensive solutionsB. ii. A growing global problemC. iii. Possible risks to peopleD. iv. Turning darkness into a businessE. v. Wildlife that is led in the wrong directionF. vi. A threat to small creatures and the systems they supportG. vii. The invention of the electric lightH. viii. Why astronomers are moving abroad

6. 6. 19 · Paragraph F

   A. i. Simple and inexpensive solutionsB. ii. A growing global problemC. iii. Possible risks to peopleD. iv. Turning darkness into a businessE. v. Wildlife that is led in the wrong directionF. vi. A threat to small creatures and the systems they supportG. vii. The invention of the electric lightH. viii. Why astronomers are moving abroad

THE DISAPPEARING NIGHT A For most of human history, the night sky was dark enough for people to see thousands of stars. Today, about eighty per cent of the world's population lives under skies affected by artificial light, and in many cities the Milky Way has not been visible for generations. Scientists call this light pollution, and satellite images show that it is spreading by around two per cent a year. B Light pollution is not only a problem for astronomers. Many animals depend on darkness. Young sea turtles find the sea by moving towards the brightest horizon, which used to be the moonlight over the water; now they often crawl towards roads and hotels instead. Migrating birds can become confused by brightly lit buildings, and millions die each year after flying into them. C Insects are affected too. Many species are attracted to street lights, where they circle until they are exhausted or eaten. Researchers in Germany estimated that a single street light can kill an average of 150 insects per summer night. Because insects pollinate plants and feed other animals, their decline can affect whole ecosystems. D There may also be effects on human health. Our bodies produce the hormone melatonin when it is dark, and this helps to regulate sleep. Some studies have linked exposure to artificial light at night with poor sleep, and possibly with other health problems, although researchers stress that the evidence is still limited. E Unlike many environmental problems, light pollution is relatively easy to reduce. Lights can be shielded so that they point downwards, switched off when not needed, or replaced with warmer colours, which have less effect on wildlife. A town in the French Alps that turned off its street lights after midnight found that crime did not increase, and saved a third of its lighting budget. F Some places have gone further by applying to become official 'dark sky reserves'. These areas agree to strict rules on outdoor lighting, and in return they attract visitors who want to see the stars. For remote rural communities, this 'astro-tourism' has become a valuable new source of income.

1. 1. 20 · a figure for the number of insects killed by one light

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. F

2. 2. 21 · an example of a place that saved money on lighting

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. F

3. 3. 22 · a reference to the rate at which light pollution is increasing

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. F

4. 4. 23 · a caution about the strength of scientific evidence

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. F

THE DISAPPEARING NIGHT A For most of human history, the night sky was dark enough for people to see thousands of stars. Today, about eighty per cent of the world's population lives under skies affected by artificial light, and in many cities the Milky Way has not been visible for generations. Scientists call this light pollution, and satellite images show that it is spreading by around two per cent a year. B Light pollution is not only a problem for astronomers. Many animals depend on darkness. Young sea turtles find the sea by moving towards the brightest horizon, which used to be the moonlight over the water; now they often crawl towards roads and hotels instead. Migrating birds can become confused by brightly lit buildings, and millions die each year after flying into them. C Insects are affected too. Many species are attracted to street lights, where they circle until they are exhausted or eaten. Researchers in Germany estimated that a single street light can kill an average of 150 insects per summer night. Because insects pollinate plants and feed other animals, their decline can affect whole ecosystems. D There may also be effects on human health. Our bodies produce the hormone melatonin when it is dark, and this helps to regulate sleep. Some studies have linked exposure to artificial light at night with poor sleep, and possibly with other health problems, although researchers stress that the evidence is still limited. E Unlike many environmental problems, light pollution is relatively easy to reduce. Lights can be shielded so that they point downwards, switched off when not needed, or replaced with warmer colours, which have less effect on wildlife. A town in the French Alps that turned off its street lights after midnight found that crime did not increase, and saved a third of its lighting budget. F Some places have gone further by applying to become official 'dark sky reserves'. These areas agree to strict rules on outdoor lighting, and in return they attract visitors who want to see the stars. For remote rural communities, this 'astro-tourism' has become a valuable new source of income.

Tối đa 2 từ mỗi chỗ trống.

1. 1. (24) Young sea turtles used to find the sea by following the over the water.
2. 2. (25) Lights with have less effect on wildlife.
3. 3. (26) For remote areas, astro-tourism provides a new source of .

CAN WE TRUST WHAT WE REMEMBER? A Most of us think of memory as a kind of recording: an event happens, it is stored, and later we play it back. Decades of research suggest that this picture is wrong. Memories are rebuilt each time we recall them, and in the process they can change — sometimes a great deal — without our noticing. I find this one of the most unsettling discoveries in psychology. B In a classic series of experiments, participants watched a film of a car accident and were then asked how fast the cars were going when they 'hit' or 'smashed into' each other. Those who heard the word 'smashed' gave higher estimates of speed, and a week later they were more likely to remember seeing broken glass, although there had been none. A single word, in other words, was enough to add a detail to their memory. C Later studies went further. By using a mixture of true family stories and one invented event, researchers persuaded a significant minority of participants that they had once been lost in a shopping centre as a child. Some described the imaginary event in rich detail. These participants were not lying; they genuinely believed what they remembered. D The consequences are most serious in courts of law. Eyewitness evidence is extremely persuasive to juries, yet mistaken identification has played a part in a large proportion of the convictions later overturned by DNA evidence in the United States. Confidence is a poor guide: a witness who is completely certain may still be wrong, especially if they were repeatedly questioned or shown the suspect's photograph before the identity parade. E None of this means that memory is generally unreliable. For the everyday purposes of life — remembering where we live, who our friends are, what we did yesterday — it works remarkably well. The problem is that we tend to trust a vivid memory more than it deserves. A memory can feel clear and detailed precisely because we have recalled and rebuilt it many times. F Some practical lessons follow. Police forces in several countries have changed how they interview witnesses, avoiding leading questions and recording a witness's confidence at the first identification, when it is most meaningful. For the rest of us, a little humility seems appropriate. When two people remember the same event differently, it is quite possible that neither is lying — and that neither is entirely right.

1. 1. 27 · Memory works like a recording that we play back.

   YNNG

2. 2. 28 · The writer finds the idea that memories change disturbing.

   YNNG

3. 3. 29 · The participants in the shopping-centre study were deliberately lying.

   YNNG

4. 4. 30 · Juries should not be allowed to hear eyewitness evidence.

   YNNG

5. 5. 31 · Human memory is generally unreliable in daily life.

   YNNG

6. 6. 32 · Changes to police interviews have reduced the number of wrongful convictions.

   YNNG

CAN WE TRUST WHAT WE REMEMBER? A Most of us think of memory as a kind of recording: an event happens, it is stored, and later we play it back. Decades of research suggest that this picture is wrong. Memories are rebuilt each time we recall them, and in the process they can change — sometimes a great deal — without our noticing. I find this one of the most unsettling discoveries in psychology. B In a classic series of experiments, participants watched a film of a car accident and were then asked how fast the cars were going when they 'hit' or 'smashed into' each other. Those who heard the word 'smashed' gave higher estimates of speed, and a week later they were more likely to remember seeing broken glass, although there had been none. A single word, in other words, was enough to add a detail to their memory. C Later studies went further. By using a mixture of true family stories and one invented event, researchers persuaded a significant minority of participants that they had once been lost in a shopping centre as a child. Some described the imaginary event in rich detail. These participants were not lying; they genuinely believed what they remembered. D The consequences are most serious in courts of law. Eyewitness evidence is extremely persuasive to juries, yet mistaken identification has played a part in a large proportion of the convictions later overturned by DNA evidence in the United States. Confidence is a poor guide: a witness who is completely certain may still be wrong, especially if they were repeatedly questioned or shown the suspect's photograph before the identity parade. E None of this means that memory is generally unreliable. For the everyday purposes of life — remembering where we live, who our friends are, what we did yesterday — it works remarkably well. The problem is that we tend to trust a vivid memory more than it deserves. A memory can feel clear and detailed precisely because we have recalled and rebuilt it many times. F Some practical lessons follow. Police forces in several countries have changed how they interview witnesses, avoiding leading questions and recording a witness's confidence at the first identification, when it is most meaningful. For the rest of us, a little humility seems appropriate. When two people remember the same event differently, it is quite possible that neither is lying — and that neither is entirely right.

1. 1. 33 · The car accident experiment showed that

   A. people are bad at estimating speed.B. the wording of a question can change a memory.C. most people remember broken glass.D. films are less memorable than real events.

2. 2. 34 · In paragraph D, the writer suggests that a witness's confidence

   A. is the best sign of an accurate memory.B. always decreases over time.C. may not show whether the witness is correct.D. is ignored by juries.

3. 3. 35 · According to paragraph E, why can a false memory feel clear?

   A. It was recorded on film.B. It has been recalled and rebuilt many times.C. It happened recently.D. Other people share it.

4. 4. 36 · When is a witness's confidence 'most meaningful'?

   A. at the trialB. after seeing a photographC. at the first identificationD. after DNA testing

1. 1. (37) Research shows that memories are each time we recall them.
2. 2. (38) Some participants came to believe in an childhood event.
3. 3. (39) Eyewitness evidence is very to juries, even though it can be mistaken.
4. 4. (40) Police now try to avoid questions when interviewing witnesses.