Mock test cuối cùng + Tổng kết lộ trình · Bạn đang ở band nào so với mục tiêu 6.5?

BROOKFIELD DENTAL CLINIC — NEW PATIENT Name: Adam (1) ___ Address: Flat 3, 27 (2) ___ Avenue Date of birth: (3) ___ September 1989 Employer: (4) ___ Engineering Current problem: back tooth sensitive to (5) ___ Check-up fee: £(6) ___ (X-ray extra) Appointment: (7) ___ at 9.15 Arrive early to complete a medical (8) ___ form Bring: a list of (9) ___ Parking: public car park at the (10) ___

Tối đa 3 từ mỗi chỗ trống.

1. 1. (1)
2. 2. (2)
3. 3. (3)
4. 4. (4)
5. 5. (5)
6. 6. (6)
7. 7. (7)
8. 8. (8)
9. 9. (9)
10. 10. (10)

1. 1. 11 · The park was originally created to protect

   A. its birdlife.B. ancient woodland.C. the river.D. deer.

2. 2. 12 · Which trail is suitable for wheelchairs?

   A. the Ridge TrailB. the Lakeside TrailC. all four trailsD. none of the trails

3. 3. 13 · Visitors doing the Ridge Trail should start before

   A. 9 am.B. 10 am.C. 11 am.D. midday.

4. 4. 14 · Which animal is visitors least likely to see?

   A. deerB. ottersC. birdsD. dogs

5. 5. 15 · Money from the car parks is used for

   A. entry to the park.B. wildlife research.C. repairing paths.D. paying rangers.

VISITOR INFORMATION Café closes at: (16) ___ pm Bike hire: from the shed behind the café; £(17) ___ for half a day Not available: child (18) ___ Guided walks: 2 pm on (19) ___ (leave from main door) Take a map: phone (20) ___ is poor in the valleys

Tối đa 2 từ mỗi chỗ trống.

1. 1. (16)
2. 2. (17)
3. 3. (18)
4. 4. (19)
5. 5. (20)

1. 1. 21 · Opening a second branch was the main mistake.

   A. HannahB. LukeC. both

2. 2. 22 · The café's prices were too low.

   A. HannahB. LukeC. both

3. 3. 23 · The menu was too long.

   A. HannahB. LukeC. both

4. 4. 24 · The social media campaign was successful.

   A. HannahB. LukeC. both

5. 5. 25 · Poor staff training caused slow service.

   A. HannahB. LukeC. both

1. 1. 26 · Why will the case summary be short?

   A. The tutor asked for it.B. The other students have already read the case.C. They have little time to prepare.D. It is the least important part.

2. 2. 27 · What will they use to show their analysis?

   A. a SWOT tableB. a timelineC. a pie chartD. a video

3. 3. 28 · How many recommendations will they give?

   A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five

4. 4. 29 · What will Luke prepare?

   A. the slidesB. the handoutC. the timelineD. the question for the class

5. 5. 30 · Where will they rehearse?

   A. in the library study roomB. in the caféC. in the seminar room on the third floorD. at Hannah's flat

HABITS • About 40% of daily actions are habits, not conscious (31) ___ The habit loop • Cue: something in the (32) ___ triggers the behaviour (time, place) • Routine: the behaviour itself • Reward: makes the brain likely to (33) ___ the loop Forming habits • '21 days' claim has little scientific (34) ___ • Study: average of (35) ___ days; simple habits formed faster • Missing one day made little (36) ___ Breaking habits • (37) ___ alone is ineffective • Change your surroundings so the cue does not appear (e.g. keep phone in another (38) ___) • Replace the routine; keep the same cue and reward (e.g. a short (39) ___ instead of snacking) • Habits are linked to (40) ___ (seeing yourself as 'a runner')

Tối đa 1 từ mỗi chỗ trống.

1. 1. (31)
2. 2. (32)
3. 3. (33)
4. 4. (34)
5. 5. (35)
6. 6. (36)
7. 7. (37)
8. 8. (38)
9. 9. (39)
10. 10. (40)

1. 1. The speaker says one mock result is the best guide to your level.

   TF

2. 2. Reaching 6.5 twice in a row means you are ready to book the exam.

   TF

3. 3. The speaker recommends stopping study after the course.

   TF

THE HIDDEN VALUE OF MANGROVES Mangroves are trees and shrubs that grow along tropical and subtropical coastlines, in the zone between high and low tide. Few plants can survive there: the soil is salty, low in oxygen and flooded twice a day. Mangroves cope in a variety of ways. Some species filter salt out at their roots, while others get rid of it through their leaves. Many have roots that grow upwards out of the mud, allowing them to take in air. For a long time, mangrove forests were seen as wasteland. Between 1980 and 2000, roughly a third of the world's mangroves were cleared, mainly for shrimp farms, rice fields and coastal development. Only recently has their true value been widely recognised. The most obvious benefit is protection. Dense mangrove forests reduce the height of waves and slow down storm surges, protecting villages behind them. After the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, several studies reported that areas with healthy mangroves suffered less damage than similar areas without them, although researchers have debated how strong this effect was. Mangroves are also extremely important for fisheries. Their roots provide shelter for young fish, crabs and shrimp, and many species that are caught at sea spend the early part of their lives in mangrove forests. Coastal communities in South-East Asia depend on these catches for both food and income. Perhaps the most surprising discovery concerns carbon. Mangroves store large amounts of carbon, not only in their trees but especially in the waterlogged soil beneath them, where dead plant material decays very slowly. Per hectare, a mangrove forest can store several times more carbon than a typical tropical rainforest. When mangroves are cleared, much of this carbon is released. Efforts to restore mangroves have had mixed results. Early projects often planted a single species in large numbers, frequently in places where mangroves had never grown naturally, and many of the young trees died. More successful projects first restore the natural flow of water, for example by removing old walls around abandoned shrimp ponds, and then allow mangroves to return on their own or plant species suited to each part of the shore.

1. 1. 1 · Mangrove soil contains a lot of oxygen.

   TFNG

2. 2. 2 · All mangrove species remove salt through their leaves.

   TFNG

3. 3. 3 · Shrimp farming was one reason for the loss of mangroves.

   TFNG

4. 4. 4 · Researchers fully agree about how much mangroves reduced tsunami damage in 2004.

   TFNG

5. 5. 5 · Fish caught in mangrove forests are sold mainly to foreign markets.

   TFNG

6. 6. 6 · Most of the carbon in mangrove forests is stored in the soil.

   TFNG

7. 7. 7 · Vietnam has the largest area of restored mangroves in Asia.

   TFNG

THE HIDDEN VALUE OF MANGROVES Mangroves are trees and shrubs that grow along tropical and subtropical coastlines, in the zone between high and low tide. Few plants can survive there: the soil is salty, low in oxygen and flooded twice a day. Mangroves cope in a variety of ways. Some species filter salt out at their roots, while others get rid of it through their leaves. Many have roots that grow upwards out of the mud, allowing them to take in air. For a long time, mangrove forests were seen as wasteland. Between 1980 and 2000, roughly a third of the world's mangroves were cleared, mainly for shrimp farms, rice fields and coastal development. Only recently has their true value been widely recognised. The most obvious benefit is protection. Dense mangrove forests reduce the height of waves and slow down storm surges, protecting villages behind them. After the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004, several studies reported that areas with healthy mangroves suffered less damage than similar areas without them, although researchers have debated how strong this effect was. Mangroves are also extremely important for fisheries. Their roots provide shelter for young fish, crabs and shrimp, and many species that are caught at sea spend the early part of their lives in mangrove forests. Coastal communities in South-East Asia depend on these catches for both food and income. Perhaps the most surprising discovery concerns carbon. Mangroves store large amounts of carbon, not only in their trees but especially in the waterlogged soil beneath them, where dead plant material decays very slowly. Per hectare, a mangrove forest can store several times more carbon than a typical tropical rainforest. When mangroves are cleared, much of this carbon is released. Efforts to restore mangroves have had mixed results. Early projects often planted a single species in large numbers, frequently in places where mangroves had never grown naturally, and many of the young trees died. More successful projects first restore the natural flow of water, for example by removing old walls around abandoned shrimp ponds, and then allow mangroves to return on their own or plant species suited to each part of the shore.

Tối đa 2 từ mỗi chỗ trống.

1. 1. (8) Some mangrove roots grow upwards out of the .
2. 2. (9) Mangroves were previously regarded as .
3. 3. (10) They slow down and protect villages.
4. 4. (11) Their roots give to young fish, crabs and shrimp.
5. 5. (12) Early restoration projects often planted only a .
6. 6. (13) Better projects first restore the natural of water.

THE RETURN OF THE TRAM A In the first half of the twentieth century, trams ran through the streets of hundreds of cities in Europe, North America and Asia. Hà Nội had its own network from 1900 until 1991. Yet in most places they were removed between the 1930s and 1960s, as buses became cheaper and cars more common. Trams came to be seen as old-fashioned and an obstacle to traffic. B Since the 1980s, however, trams — now usually called 'light rail' — have been making a comeback. France has been particularly enthusiastic: Strasbourg reintroduced trams in 1994, and more than twenty French cities have followed. Transport planner Claire Dubois argues that the success of these schemes came from treating the tram as part of a wider plan to redesign the city centre, not simply as a means of transport. C Supporters point to several advantages. Trams can carry far more passengers than buses, produce no exhaust fumes on the street and give a smoother ride. Research by economist Daniel Hughes suggests that property values near new tram stops often rise, which he believes shows that people value permanent rail lines more than bus routes that could be changed at any time. D The main disadvantage is cost. Building a tram line requires moving underground pipes and cables and rebuilding the road, and can cost many times more than an equivalent bus service. Construction can also disrupt businesses for years. Professor Ruth Okoye, who has studied several projects, warns that cities often underestimate both the cost and the time involved, and that some lines have carried far fewer passengers than predicted. E For this reason, some cities have chosen bus rapid transit (BRT) instead: buses that run on their own lanes, with stations where passengers pay before boarding. Okoye points out that BRT can provide many of the benefits of trams at a fraction of the price, as long as cities are willing to give buses truly separate lanes. F The debate is likely to continue, but one thing is clear: the choice depends less on the vehicle than on the political will to give public transport priority over private cars. As Dubois puts it, 'A tram stuck in traffic is no better than a bus.'

1. 1. 14 · an example of a city in Asia that once had trams

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. F

2. 2. 15 · a reference to the effect of trams on house prices

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. F

3. 3. 16 · a description of how passengers pay on a cheaper alternative

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. F

4. 4. 17 · reasons why trams were removed in the past

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. F

5. 5. 18 · a reference to lines that attracted fewer users than expected

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. F

THE RETURN OF THE TRAM A In the first half of the twentieth century, trams ran through the streets of hundreds of cities in Europe, North America and Asia. Hà Nội had its own network from 1900 until 1991. Yet in most places they were removed between the 1930s and 1960s, as buses became cheaper and cars more common. Trams came to be seen as old-fashioned and an obstacle to traffic. B Since the 1980s, however, trams — now usually called 'light rail' — have been making a comeback. France has been particularly enthusiastic: Strasbourg reintroduced trams in 1994, and more than twenty French cities have followed. Transport planner Claire Dubois argues that the success of these schemes came from treating the tram as part of a wider plan to redesign the city centre, not simply as a means of transport. C Supporters point to several advantages. Trams can carry far more passengers than buses, produce no exhaust fumes on the street and give a smoother ride. Research by economist Daniel Hughes suggests that property values near new tram stops often rise, which he believes shows that people value permanent rail lines more than bus routes that could be changed at any time. D The main disadvantage is cost. Building a tram line requires moving underground pipes and cables and rebuilding the road, and can cost many times more than an equivalent bus service. Construction can also disrupt businesses for years. Professor Ruth Okoye, who has studied several projects, warns that cities often underestimate both the cost and the time involved, and that some lines have carried far fewer passengers than predicted. E For this reason, some cities have chosen bus rapid transit (BRT) instead: buses that run on their own lanes, with stations where passengers pay before boarding. Okoye points out that BRT can provide many of the benefits of trams at a fraction of the price, as long as cities are willing to give buses truly separate lanes. F The debate is likely to continue, but one thing is clear: the choice depends less on the vehicle than on the political will to give public transport priority over private cars. As Dubois puts it, 'A tram stuck in traffic is no better than a bus.'

1. 1. 19 · A cheaper system can be almost as good if it has its own lanes.

   A. A Claire DuboisB. B Daniel HughesC. C Ruth Okoye

2. 2. 20 · Successful tram schemes were linked to changes in the whole city centre.

   A. A Claire DuboisB. B Daniel HughesC. C Ruth Okoye

3. 3. 21 · People appear to prefer transport routes that are permanent.

   A. A Claire DuboisB. B Daniel HughesC. C Ruth Okoye

4. 4. 22 · Cities frequently fail to predict how long projects will take.

   A. A Claire DuboisB. B Daniel HughesC. C Ruth Okoye

THE RETURN OF THE TRAM A In the first half of the twentieth century, trams ran through the streets of hundreds of cities in Europe, North America and Asia. Hà Nội had its own network from 1900 until 1991. Yet in most places they were removed between the 1930s and 1960s, as buses became cheaper and cars more common. Trams came to be seen as old-fashioned and an obstacle to traffic. B Since the 1980s, however, trams — now usually called 'light rail' — have been making a comeback. France has been particularly enthusiastic: Strasbourg reintroduced trams in 1994, and more than twenty French cities have followed. Transport planner Claire Dubois argues that the success of these schemes came from treating the tram as part of a wider plan to redesign the city centre, not simply as a means of transport. C Supporters point to several advantages. Trams can carry far more passengers than buses, produce no exhaust fumes on the street and give a smoother ride. Research by economist Daniel Hughes suggests that property values near new tram stops often rise, which he believes shows that people value permanent rail lines more than bus routes that could be changed at any time. D The main disadvantage is cost. Building a tram line requires moving underground pipes and cables and rebuilding the road, and can cost many times more than an equivalent bus service. Construction can also disrupt businesses for years. Professor Ruth Okoye, who has studied several projects, warns that cities often underestimate both the cost and the time involved, and that some lines have carried far fewer passengers than predicted. E For this reason, some cities have chosen bus rapid transit (BRT) instead: buses that run on their own lanes, with stations where passengers pay before boarding. Okoye points out that BRT can provide many of the benefits of trams at a fraction of the price, as long as cities are willing to give buses truly separate lanes. F The debate is likely to continue, but one thing is clear: the choice depends less on the vehicle than on the political will to give public transport priority over private cars. As Dubois puts it, 'A tram stuck in traffic is no better than a bus.'

Tối đa 1 từ mỗi chỗ trống.

1. 1. (23) Hà Nội's tram network closed in .
2. 2. (24) Strasbourg brought back trams in .
3. 3. (25) Trams produce no exhaust on the street.
4. 4. (26) Building a line can businesses for years.

WHY DO WE PUT THINGS OFF? A Almost everyone procrastinates sometimes, delaying a task even though we know the delay will probably make things worse. The common explanation is that procrastinators are lazy or poor at managing their time. I have come to believe that this explanation is, for the most part, mistaken. B A growing body of research suggests that procrastination is mainly a problem of managing emotions, not time. When a task makes us feel anxious, bored or insecure — a difficult report, a tax form, an email we are afraid to send — putting it off provides immediate relief. The relief is real but short-lived, and the task, along with the bad feelings, is still waiting for us later, often larger than before. C This helps to explain why time-management techniques so often fail. A detailed timetable does nothing to reduce the anxiety a task produces; indeed, seeing a long list of unfinished tasks may make the feeling worse. It also explains why procrastination is not related to how busy people are: some of the most chronic procrastinators have plenty of free time. D Interestingly, one of the most effective responses appears to be self-compassion. In a study of university students, those who forgave themselves for procrastinating before their first exam procrastinated less before the next one. Being hard on ourselves, it seems, adds to the negative feelings that caused the delay in the first place. E Other practical strategies target the emotions directly. Making the first step very small — 'open the document and write one sentence' — reduces the feeling of threat. Focusing on how we will feel once a task is finished, rather than on the task itself, can also help. I would add that it is worth noticing which tasks we repeatedly avoid: they often reveal something about our fears, or about work we are doing for the wrong reasons. F None of this means that procrastination is harmless. Chronic procrastination has been linked to stress, poorer health and lower performance. But treating it as a moral failing is unhelpful. Understanding it as an emotional habit — one that can be changed — is both kinder and, the evidence suggests, more effective.

1. 1. 27 · Laziness is the main cause of procrastination.

   YNNG

2. 2. 28 · Putting off a task gives a feeling of relief that does not last.

   YNNG

3. 3. 29 · Time-management techniques usually solve the problem of procrastination.

   YNNG

4. 4. 30 · People with very busy jobs procrastinate more than others.

   YNNG

5. 5. 31 · Self-compassion is more effective for students than for older adults.

   YNNG

6. 6. 32 · Tasks we avoid repeatedly may tell us something about ourselves.

   YNNG

WHY DO WE PUT THINGS OFF? A Almost everyone procrastinates sometimes, delaying a task even though we know the delay will probably make things worse. The common explanation is that procrastinators are lazy or poor at managing their time. I have come to believe that this explanation is, for the most part, mistaken. B A growing body of research suggests that procrastination is mainly a problem of managing emotions, not time. When a task makes us feel anxious, bored or insecure — a difficult report, a tax form, an email we are afraid to send — putting it off provides immediate relief. The relief is real but short-lived, and the task, along with the bad feelings, is still waiting for us later, often larger than before. C This helps to explain why time-management techniques so often fail. A detailed timetable does nothing to reduce the anxiety a task produces; indeed, seeing a long list of unfinished tasks may make the feeling worse. It also explains why procrastination is not related to how busy people are: some of the most chronic procrastinators have plenty of free time. D Interestingly, one of the most effective responses appears to be self-compassion. In a study of university students, those who forgave themselves for procrastinating before their first exam procrastinated less before the next one. Being hard on ourselves, it seems, adds to the negative feelings that caused the delay in the first place. E Other practical strategies target the emotions directly. Making the first step very small — 'open the document and write one sentence' — reduces the feeling of threat. Focusing on how we will feel once a task is finished, rather than on the task itself, can also help. I would add that it is worth noticing which tasks we repeatedly avoid: they often reveal something about our fears, or about work we are doing for the wrong reasons. F None of this means that procrastination is harmless. Chronic procrastination has been linked to stress, poorer health and lower performance. But treating it as a moral failing is unhelpful. Understanding it as an emotional habit — one that can be changed — is both kinder and, the evidence suggests, more effective.

1. 1. 33 · According to paragraph B, procrastination is mainly a problem of

   A. poor planning.B. managing emotions.C. having too much work.D. lack of intelligence.

2. 2. 34 · Why might a detailed timetable make procrastination worse?

   A. It takes too long to write.B. Seeing many unfinished tasks can increase anxiety.C. It is usually inaccurate.D. People forget to follow it.

3. 3. 35 · In the university study, students who forgave themselves

   A. got better exam results.B. procrastinated less before the next exam.C. studied for longer hours.D. felt more anxious.

4. 4. 36 · What is the writer's main conclusion?

   A. Procrastination is harmless.B. Procrastination is a moral failing.C. Procrastination is an emotional habit that can be changed.D. Procrastination cannot be changed.

1. 1. (37) Making the first step very reduces the sense of threat.
2. 2. (38) It also helps to imagine how we will feel when a task is .
3. 3. (39) Avoided tasks may reveal our .
4. 4. (40) Chronic procrastination is linked to stress and poorer .