Văn hóa & bản sắc · Mệnh đề rút gọn bằng phân từ

DISAPPEARING VOICES Of the roughly seven thousand languages spoken today, linguists estimate that almost half may disappear by the end of this century. Most of them are indigenous languages spoken by small communities. When the last speakers die, songs, stories and knowledge handed down for generations are lost with them. The main cause is not violence but choice. Having moved to cities for work, young people often stop using the language of their parents. They need the national language to find jobs, and their children grow up hearing it at school and on television. Within two or three generations, a language can go from being spoken by a whole community to being remembered by a few elderly people. Some communities are fighting back. In New Zealand, "language nests", run by grandparents who still speak Maori fluently, allow toddlers to hear the language every day. Encouraged by these projects, more parents now choose to raise their children bilingually. Technology has also helped: recorded by linguists before their last speakers died, some languages survive in online dictionaries and apps. Critics argue that such efforts are too late for many languages. Yet supporters point out that a language, once written down and recorded, can be revived. Hebrew, used for centuries mainly in religious texts, became the everyday language of millions in the twentieth century. ENDINGS A are spoken by small indigenous communities. B allow very young children to hear the language daily. C was revived as an everyday language. D often stop speaking their parents' language. E are caused mainly by violence. F survive in online dictionaries and apps. G have been banned by most governments.

1. 1. 1 Most of the languages at risk …

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. FG. G

2. 2. 2 Having moved to cities, young people …

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. FG. G

3. 3. 3 In New Zealand, language nests …

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. FG. G

4. 4. 4 Some languages recorded by linguists …

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. FG. G

5. 5. 5 Hebrew …

   A. AB. BC. CD. DE. EF. FG. G

Of the roughly seven thousand languages spoken today, linguists estimate that almost half may disappear by the end of this century. Most of them are indigenous languages spoken by small communities. When the last speakers die, songs, stories and knowledge handed down for generations are lost with them. The main cause is not violence but choice. Having moved to cities for work, young people often stop using the language of their parents. They need the national language to find jobs, and their children grow up hearing it at school and on television. Some communities are fighting back. In New Zealand, "language nests", run by grandparents who still speak Maori fluently, allow toddlers to hear the language every day. Encouraged by these projects, more parents now choose to raise their children bilingually.

1. 1. Linguists say nearly half of today's languages could disappear this century.

   TFNG

2. 2. Violence is the main reason languages disappear.

   TFNG

3. 3. Language nests are run by trained teachers.

   TFNG

4. 4. The New Zealand government pays for the language nests.

   TFNG

1. 1. The temple was built in 1600. It is still used today. (V3)
2. 2. She had lived abroad for ten years. She forgot some of her dialect. (Having + V3)
3. 3. Tourists walk through the market. They can buy handicrafts. (V-ing)
4. 4. Songs are handed down from parents. They are easy to remember. (rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ)

1. 1. ___ in the 15th century, the village is famous for pottery.

   A. FoundingB. FoundedC. Having foundedD. Found

2. 2. ___ the course, she opened her own workshop.

   A. Having finishedB. FinishedC. Having finishD. To finish

3. 3. Which sentence is correct?

   A. Walking through the old town, many temples can be seen.B. Walking through the old town, visitors can see many temples.C. Walked through the old town, visitors see temples.D. Having walk through the old town, temples are seen.

4. 4. People ___ in the mountains often speak two languages.

   A. liveB. livedC. livingD. are living

1. indigenous— chọn —belonging to a place originallyto become part of a new culturea ceremony that is always done in the same waya person related to someone who lived long agoa form of a language spoken in one areathat cannot be touched, such as music or skills
2. dialect— chọn —belonging to a place originallyto become part of a new culturea ceremony that is always done in the same waya person related to someone who lived long agoa form of a language spoken in one areathat cannot be touched, such as music or skills
3. ritual— chọn —belonging to a place originallyto become part of a new culturea ceremony that is always done in the same waya person related to someone who lived long agoa form of a language spoken in one areathat cannot be touched, such as music or skills
4. intangible— chọn —belonging to a place originallyto become part of a new culturea ceremony that is always done in the same waya person related to someone who lived long agoa form of a language spoken in one areathat cannot be touched, such as music or skills
5. assimilate— chọn —belonging to a place originallyto become part of a new culturea ceremony that is always done in the same waya person related to someone who lived long agoa form of a language spoken in one areathat cannot be touched, such as music or skills
6. descendant— chọn —belonging to a place originallyto become part of a new culturea ceremony that is always done in the same waya person related to someone who lived long agoa form of a language spoken in one areathat cannot be touched, such as music or skills

1. 1. How did the festival begin?

   A. as a sports eventB. as a ritual to thank the river godC. as a tourist showD. as a market

2. 2. What do some older people think?

   A. It is too commercialised.B. It is too small.C. It should be longer.D. It is too religious.

3. 3. What is the man's view?

   A. Tourism has ruined it.B. Tourism has saved it.C. It should be stopped.D. He has no opinion.

4. 4. How many people took part twenty years ago?

   A. the whole villageB. only a few familiesC. thousands of touristsD. nobody

1. 1. Ca tru is a form of sung poetry.

   TF

2. 2. It became more popular in the twentieth century.

   TF

3. 3. It was recognised as intangible heritage in 2009.

   TF

4. 4. There are now many professional performers.

   TF